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Relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, and distribution of marine birds in the northern Gulf of Mexico.


Authors

J. CHRISTOPHER HANEY1*, PAMELA E. MICHAEL1, JEFFREY S. GLEASON2, RANDY R. WILSON3, YVAN G. SATGÉ4, KATHY M. HIXSON4, & PATRICK G.R. JODICE5
1Terra Mar Applied Sciences, 1370 Tewkesbury Place NW, Washington, District of Columbia, 20012, USA (*jchrishaney@terramarappliedsciences.com)
2U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Migratory Birds/Science Applications, Chiefland, Florida, 32626, USA
3U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, Jackson, Mississippi, 39213, USA
4South Carolina Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
5U.S. Geological Survey, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA

Citation

Haney, J. C., Michael, P. E., Gleason, J. S., Wilson, R. R., Satgé, Y. G., Hixson, K. M., & Jodice, P. G. R. 2025. Relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, and distribution of marine birds in the northern Gulf of Mexico.. Marine Ornithology 53: 189 - 206
http://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.53.1.1634

Received 26 April 2024, accepted 17 October 2024

Date Published: 2025/04/15
Date Online: 2025/04/17
Download PDF
Download Appendix 1
Key words: Gulf of Mexico, marine birds, distribution, relative abundance, seasonality

Abstract

Marine birds in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico have long been poorly studied. Given statutory obligations to protect migratory birds and endangered species, three broad-scale vessel and aerial programs initiated since 2010 have now surveyed the entire northern Gulf. Vessel coverage alone exceeds 700 d and 74,000 km of observer effort using 300-m strip transects. We supplemented these survey data with earlier, smaller-scale studies, eBird checklists, literature reviews, and other less accessible sources to create snapshot summaries of relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, and regional distribution for 117 taxa of marine and water birds reported from the northern Gulf (113 of which were substantiated with physical evidence). Using taxonomic and functional criteria, we identified 56 taxa characteristic of open shelf, slope, and pelagic waters (federal jurisdiction), 41 taxa with primarily coastal affinities (state and federal jurisdiction), and 20 taxa of sea and diving ducks. High species richness of marine birds in the northern Gulf is attributed to (1) a temperate-to-tropical gradient facilitating diverse marine environments year-round; (2) varied geographic origins of marine bird species using the Gulf; and (3) a mostly enclosed sea basin acting as a vagrant trap for wide-ranging species. Our taxonomic list and status updates seek to bridge information gaps for marine birds now subject to accelerated commercial uses of this region's continental shelf, including newly proposed offshore wind energy development. Other applications include guiding risk and vulnerability assessments of Gulf marine birds, providing core content for seabird observer training, and prioritizing environmental impact reviews and monitoring programs in offshore energy construction and operations plans.

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