Volume 51, No. 2
Volumes > 38 (2010-->)
- Volume 52, No. 2, 2024
- Volume 52, No. 1, 2024
- Volume 51, No. 2, 2023
- Volume 51, No. 1, 2023
- Volume 50, No. 2, 2022
- Volume 50, No. 1, 2022
- Volume 49, No. 2, 2021
- Volume 49, No. 1, 2021
- Volume 48, No. 2, 2020
- Volume 48, No. 1, 2020
- Volume 47, No. 2, 2019
- Volume 47, No. 1, 2019
- Volume 46, No. 2, 2018
- Volume 46, No. 1, 2018
- Volume 45, No. 2, 2017
- Volume 45, No. 1, 2017
- Volume 44, No. 2, 2016
- Volume 44, No. 1, 2016
- Volume 43, No. 2, 2015
- Volume 43, No. 1, 2015
- Volume 42, No. 2, 2014
- Volume 42, No. 1, 2014
- Volume 41, No. 2, 2013
- Volume 41, No. 1, 2013
- Volume 41, Special Issue, 2013
- Volume 40, No. 2, 2012
- Volume 40, No. 1, 2012
- Volume 39, No. 2, 2011
- Volume 39, No. 1, 2011
- Volume 38, No. 2, 2010
- Volume 38, No. 1, 2010
Volumes 28-37 (2000-09)
- Volume 37, No. 3, 2009
- Volume 37, No. 2, 2009
- Volume 37, No. 1, 2009
- Volume 36, No. 2, 2008
- Volume 36, No. 1, 2008
- Volume 35, No. 2, 2007
- Volume 35, No. 1, 2007
- Volume 34, No. 2, 2006
- Volume 34, No. 1, 2006
- Volume 33, No. 2, 2005
- Volume 33, No. 1, 2005
- Volume 32, No. 2, 2004
- Volume 32, No. 1, 2004
- Volume 31, No. 2, 2003
- Volume 31, No. 1, 2003
- Volume 30, No. 2, 2002
- Volume 30, No. 1, 2002
- Volume 29, No. 2, 2001
- Volume 29, No. 1, 2001
- Volume 28, No. 2, 2000
- Volume 28, No. 1, 2000
Volumes 18-27 (1990-99)
- Volume 27, No. 1 & 2, 1999
- Volume 26, No. 1 & 2, 1998
- Volume 24, No. 1 & 2, 1996
- Volume 25, No. 1 & 2, 1997
- Volume 23, No. 2, 1995
- Volume 23, No. 1, 1995
- Volume 22, No. 2, 1994
- Volume 22, No. 1, 1994
- Volume 21, No. 1 & 2, 1993
- Volume 20, No. 1 & 2, 1992
- Volume 19, No. 1, 1991
- Volume 18, No. 1 & 2, 1990
Volumes 5-17 (1978-89) a.k.a 'Cormorant'
- Volume 17, No. 1 & 2, 1989
- Volume 16, No. 1, 1988
- Volume 16, No. 2, 1988
- Volume 15, No. 1 & 2, 1987
- Volume 14, No. 1 & 2, 1987
- Volume 13, No. 2, 1986
- Volume 13, No. 1, 1986
- Volume 12, No. 2, 1985
- Volume 12, No. 1, 1985
- Volume 11, No. 1 & 2, 1984
- Volume 10, No. 2, 1983
- Volume 10, No. 1, 1983
- Volume 9, No. 2, 1982
- Volume 9, No. 1, 1982
- Volume 8, No. 2, 1981
- Volume 8, No. 1, 1981
- Volume 7, 1980
- Volume 5, 1978
Search by author or title:
Oiling threats to marine birds on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Citation
BERTRAM, D.F., O'HARA, P.D., KING, A.M, ROBINSON, C.L.K., MAFTEI, M. & WOO, K.J. 2023. Oiling threats to marine birds on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
Marine Ornithology 51: 205
- 216
http://doi.org/10.5038/2074-1235.51.2.1536
Received 15 July 2022, accepted 08 March 2023
Date Published: 2023/10/15
Date Online: 2023/10/10
Key words: Salish Sea, marine birds, marine vessel traffic, oiling risks, bitumen, Trans Mountain pipeline
Abstract
Information on the distribution and abundance of marine birds is needed to evaluate current status in relation to threats from potential increases in vessel traffic off southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC) in the Salish Sea. We conducted year-round boat-based surveys in waters between Sidney, BC and Victoria, BC from November 2015 to August 2019 and examined seasonal variation in bird distribution and abundance. Our study area included parts of the Sidney Channel Important Bird Area, the Shoal Harbour and Victoria Harbour Migratory Bird Sanctuaries, and the Chain Islets Ecological Reserve, adjacent to major shipping lanes, as well as ports and marinas. With the approval for the proposed expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline to Burnaby, BC, tanker traffic is expected to increase in our study area. Increases in several categories of marine vessel traffic have occurred recently in the Salish Sea and are expected to increase further with the development of Liquefied Natural Gas projects and the Delta Port expansion on Roberts Bank. Within that context, we counted all marine birds but focused primarily on alcids: Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, Common Murre Uria aalgae, Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba, Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus, and Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus. Alcids were present year-round but showed species-specific seasonal spatial patterns. These patterns are likely related to seabird annual cycles as well as fluctuations in forage fish prey populations, their habitats, and variation in seasonal availability to birds. Increasingly busy shipping lanes for tanker, cargo, and passenger vessels pass nearby and through our study area. These shipping lanes, together with traffic from tugs, fishing vessels, and recreational motor and sailing vessels, plus the many marinas and terminals in the area, pose significant risks to marine birds.
References
BERTAZZON, S., O'HARA, P.D., BARRETT, O. & SERRA-SOGAS, N. 2014. Geospatial analysis of oil discharges observed by the national aerial surveillance program in the Canadian Pacific Ocean. Applied Geography 52: 78–89. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.010
BERTRAM, D.F. 2014. The Coastal Birds. In: BEAMISH, R. & McFARLANE, G. (Eds.) The Sea Among Us: The Amazing Strait of Georgia. Nanaimo, Canada: Harbour Publishing.
BERTRAM, D.F. 2019. Oil spill settlement funds directed to seabird conservation. Marine Policy 108: 103622.
BERTRAM, D. 2023. Bird Count Dataset for Oiling Threats to Marine Birds on Southern Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. Dryad, Dataset. doi:10.5061/dryad.bg79cnpft
BERTRAM, D.F., WILSON, L., CHARLETON, K. ET AL. 2021. Modelling entanglement rates to estimate mortality of marine birds in British Columbia commercial salmon gillnet fisheries. Marine Environmental Research 166: 105268. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105268
BIRDS CANADA. 2022. Important Bird Areas in Canada. [Accessed at http://www.ibacanada.ca/?lang=EN on 01 July 2022.]
BOLDT, J.L., THOMPSON, M., ROOPER, C.N. ET AL. 2018. Bottom-up and top-down control of small pelagic forage fish: factors affecting age-0 herring in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 617-618: 53–66. doi:10.3354/meps12485
BOWER, J.L. 2009. Changes in marine bird abundance in the Salish Sea: 1975 to 2007. Marine Ornithology 37: 9–17.
CAMPHUYSEN, C.J. 1989. Beached Bird Surveys in the Netherlands 1915–1988: Seabird Mortality in the Southern North Sea Since the Early Days of Oil Pollution. Techn. Rapport Vogelbescherming 1, Vossiustraat 20-III. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Stichting Werkgroep Noordzee.
CARTER, H.R. & SEALY, S.G. 1990. Daily foraging behaviour of Marbled Murrelets. Studies in Avian Biology 14: 93–102.
COSEWIC (COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN CANADA). 2004. COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus Antiquus in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: COSEWIC. [Accessed at https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_ancient_murrelet_e.pdf.]
CREWE, T., BARRY, K., DAVIDSON, P. & LEPAGE, P.D. 2012. Coastal waterbird population trends in the Strait of Georgia 1999–2011: Results from the first 12 years of the British Columbia Coastal Waterbird Survey. British Columbia Birds 22: 8–35.
CUNNINGHAM, J.T., ELLIOTT, K.H., COTTENIE, K., HATCH, S.A. & JACOBS, S.R. 2018. Individual foraging location, but not dietary, specialization: implications for rhinoceros auklets as samplers of forage fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 605: 225–240. doi:10.3354/meps12761
DIAS, M.P., MARTIN, R., PEARMAIN, E.J. ET AL. 2019. Threats to seabirds: A global assessment. Biological Conservation 237: 525–537. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.06.033
DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY STATE OF WASHINGTON. 2019. Report of Vessel Traffic and Vessel Traffic Safety: Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound Area. Publication 19-08-002. Oylmpia, USA: Spill Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Program. Washington State Department of Ecology. [Accessed at https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/1908002.pdf on 15 July 2022.]
DEVITT, K. & BRADLEY, D. 2018. Coastal waterbirds are in decline. Ocean Watch: B.C. Coast Edition, pp. 76–83. Oceanwise Research Institute. [Accessed at https://oceanwatch.ca/bccoast/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2018/10/OceanWatch-BC-Coast-marine-birds.pdf on 15 July 2022.]
DOMALIK, A.D. 2018. At-Sea Distribution and Foraging Behaviour of Two North Pacific Seabirds Revealed Through GPS Tracking. MSc thesis. Burnaby, Canada: Simon Fraser University.
DREVER, M.C., MCALLISTER, M.K., BERTRAM, D.F., SCHROEDER, B.K. & WOO, K.J. 2021. Trends in radar counts of marbled murrelet in British Columbia (1996 to 2018): effects of “the blob” marine heatwave and abundance of prey fish. Marine Ornithology 49: 37–48.
EC (ENVIRONMENT CANADA). 2014. Recovery Strategy for the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Ottawa, Canada: Environment Canada. [Accessed at https://sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/plans/rs_guillemot_marbre_marbled_murrelet_0614_e.pdf on 15 July 2022.]
ECCC (ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE CANADA). 2018. Management Plan for the Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Ottawa, Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada.
ECCC. 2023. Amended Recovery Strategy for the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Ottawa, Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada.
ECCC & US EPA (UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY). 2021. The Salish Sea Transboundary Ecosystem Indicators 2020 Update: Executive Summary. Gatineau, Canada: Government of Canada. [Accessed at https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2021/eccc/En4-227-1-2021-eng.pdf on 15 July 2022.]
ESRI. 2017. ArcGIS v. 10.5.1. ESRI, Redlands, USA : ESRI.
ETHIER, D., DAVIDSON, P., SORENSON, G.H. ET AL. 2020. Twenty years of coastal waterbird trends suggest regional patterns of environmental pressure in British Columbia, Canada. Avian Conservation and Ecology 15: 20. doi:10.5751/ACE-01711-150220
FLIESSBACH, K.L., BORKENHAGEN, K., GUSE, N., MARKONES, N., SCHWEMMER, P. & GARTHE, S. 2019. A ship traffic disturbance vulnerability index for Northwest European seabirds as a tool for marine spatial planning. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 192. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00192
FOC (FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA). 2016. Fisheries Management Area 19 – Saanich, William Head. Vancouver, Canada: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Region. [Accessed at http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/maps-cartes/areas-secteurs/19-eng.html on 15 July 2022.]
FORD, R.G., CASEY, J.L., HEWITT, C.H. ET AL. 1991. Seabird Mortality Resulting from the Nestucca Oil Spill Incident, Winter 1988–89. Report for Washington Department of Wildlife. Portland, USA: Ecological Consulting Inc. Accessed at https://books.google.ca/books/about/Seabird_Mortality_Resulting_from_the_Nes.html?id=uuoltwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y on 15 July 2022.]
FOX, C.H., O'HARA, P.D., BERTAZZON, S., MORGAN, K., UNDERWOOD, F.E. & PAQUET, P.C. 2016. A preliminary spatial assessment of risk: marine birds and chronic oil pollution on Canada's Pacific coast. Science of the Total Environment 573: 799–809. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.145
FOX, C.H., DI CORRADO, C., MORGAN, K. & O’SHEA, W. 2023. Standardised protocols for vessel-based marine bird surveys on Canada’s Pacific coast. Delta, Canada: Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon Region.
GASTON, A.J., CARTER, H.R. & SEALY, S.G. 1993. Winter ecology and diet of Ancient Murrelets off Victoria, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 64–70.
GASTON, A.J., HASHIMOTO, Y. & WILSON, L. 2015. First evidence of east-west migration across the North Pacific in a marine bird. Ibis 157: 877–882.
GASTON, A.J., HASHIMOTO, Y. & WILSON, L. 2017. Post-breeding movements of Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus family groups, subsequent migration of adults and implications for management. PLoS One 12: e0171726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171726
GAYDOS, J.K. & PEARSON, S.F. 2011. Birds and mammals that depend on the Salish Sea. A compilation. Northwest Naturalist 92: 79–94.
GESAMP (JOINT GROUP OF EXPERTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION). 2007. Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine Environment from Sea-Based Activities. GESAMP Reports and Studies, No. 75. London, United Kingdom, International Maritime Organization.
GoC (GOVERNMENT OF CANADA). 2019. Orders in Council. PC Number 2019-0820. [Accessed at https://orders-in-council.canada.ca/attachment.php?attach=38147&lang=en on 15 July 2022.].
GoC (GOVERNMENT OF CANADA). 2021. Canada Energy Regulator 16 Recommendations. [Accessed at https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/trans-mountain/what-is-tmx/the-decision/backgrounder12.html on 31 July 2023.]
GROVER, J.J. & OLLA, B.L. 1983. The role of Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) in mixed-species feeding assemblages of seabirds in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. The Auk 100: 979–982.
HAY, D., HEALY, M.C., RICHARDS, L.J. & MARLIAVE, J.B. 1989. Distribution, abundance, and habitat of prey fishes in the Strait of Georgia. In: VERMEER, K. & BUTLER, R. (Eds.). The Ecology and Status of Marine and Shoreline Birds in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Ottawa, Canada: Special Publication of the Canadian Wildlife Service.
HAMEL, N.J., PARRISH, J.K. & LAAKE, J. 2008. Linking colonies to fisheries: spatio-temporal overlap between common murres (Uria aalge) from Tatoosh Island and coastal gillnet fisheries in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Biological Conservation 141: 3101–3115.
HAMEL, N.J., BURGER, A.E., CHARLETON, K. ET AL. 2009. Bycatch and beached birds: assessing mortality impacts in coastal net fisheries using marine bird strandings. Marine Ornithology 37: 41–60.
HENKEL, L.A., NEVINS, H., MARTIN, M., SUGARMAN, S., HARVEY, J.T. & ZICCARDI, M.H. 2014. Chronic oiling of marine birds in California by natural petroleum seeps, shipwrecks, and other sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79: 155–163.
HIPFNER, J.M., PRILL, M.M., STUDHOLME, K.R. ET AL. 2020. Geolocator tagging links distributions in the non-breeding season to population genetic structure in a sentinel North Pacific seabird. PLoS One 15: e0240056. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240056
HOBSON, E.S. 1986. Predation on the Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus (Pisces: Ammodytidae), during the transition between day and night in southeastern Alaska. Copeia 1986: 223–226.
HOLM, K.J. & BURGER, A.E. 2002. Foraging behavior and resource partitioning by diving birds during winter in areas of strong tidal currents. Waterbirds 25: 312–325.
HUARD, J.R., PROUDFOOT, B., ROOPER, C.N., MARTIN, T.G. & ROBINSON, C.L.K. 2022. Intertidal beach habitat suitability model for Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes personatus, in the Salish Sea, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 79: 1681–1696. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2021-0335https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0335
HYRENBACH, K.D., HENRY, M.F., MORGAN, K.H., WELCH, D.W. & SYDEMAN, W.J. 2007. Optimizing the width of strip transects for seabird surveys from vessels of opportunity. Marine Ornithology 35: 29–38.
JOHNS, M.E. & WARZYBOK, P. 2022. Northward migration, molting locations, and winter residency of California breeding pigeon guillemots Cepphus columba. Marine Ecology Progress Series 701: 133–143. doi:10.3354/meps14194
JOHNS, M.E., WARZYBOK, P., JAHNCKE, J., LINDBERG, M. & BREED, G.A. 2019. Oceanographic drivers of winter habitat use in Cassin’s Auklets. Ecological Applications 30: e02068. doi:10.1002/eap.2068
KING, J.G. & SANGER, G.A. 1979. Oil vulnerability index for marine oriented birds. In: BARTONEK, J.C. & NETTLESHIP, D.N. (Eds.) Conservation of Marine Birds of Northern North America: Papers from the International Symposium Held at the Seattle Hyatt House, 13–15 May 1975. Wildlife Research Report 11. Seattle, USA: US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
KING, M.D., ELLIOTT J.E. & WILLIAMS, T.D. 2021. Effects of petroleum exposure on birds: A review. Science of the Total Environment 755: 142834.
KENYON, J.K., MORGAN, K.H., BENTLEY, M.D., MCFARLANE TRANQUILLA, L.A. & MOORE, K.E. 2009. Atlas of Pelagic Seabirds off the West Coast of Canada and Adjacent Areas. Technical Report Series No. 499. Delta, Canada: Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon.
LANCE, M.M., & THOMPSON, C.W. 2005. Overlap in diets and foraging of Common Murres and Rhinoceros Auklets after the breeding season. The Auk 122: 887–901.
LIESKE, D.J., MCFARLANE TRANQUILLA, L., RONCONI, R.A. & ABBOTT, S. 2020. “Seas of risk”: Assessing the threats to colonial-nesting seabirds in Eastern Canada. Marine Policy 115: 103863. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103863
LORENZ, T.J., RAPHAEL, M.G. & BLOXTON, T.D., JR. 2016. Marine habitat selection by Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) during the breeding season. PLoS One 11: e0162670. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162670
MAHAFFY, M.S., NYSEWANDER, D.R., VERMEER, K., WAHL, T.R. & WHITEHEAD, P.E. 1994. Status, trends and potential threats related to birds in the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound and Juan de Fuca Strait. In: WILSON, R.C.H., BEAMISH, R.J., AITKENS, F. & BELL, J. (Eds.) Review of the Marine Environment and Biota of the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound and Juan de Fuca Strait: Proceedings of the BC/Washington Symposium on the Marine Environment, January 13 & 14, 1994. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1948.
MCWHINNIE, L.H., O'HARA, P.D., HILLIARD, C. ET AL. 2021. Assessing vessel traffic in the Salish Sea using satellite AIS: An important contribution for planning, management and conservation in southern resident killer whale critical habitat. Ocean & Coastal Management 200: 105479.
MONTEVECCHI, W.A. 2006. Influences of artificial light on marine birds. In: RICH, C. & LONGCORE, T. (Eds) Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Washington, USA: Island Press.
MORANDIN, L.A. & O’HARA, P.D. 2015. Offshore oil and gas, and operational sheen occurrence: is there potential harm to marine birds? Environmental Reviews 24: 1–34.
MOVEBANK. 2023. Rhinoceros auklet RHAU, Hipfner, Protection Island WA USA. Project ID #1904565280. [Accessed at https://www.movebank.org/cms/panel_embedded_movebank_webapp?gwt_fragment=page=studies,path=study1904565280 on 04 March 2023.]
NRC (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL). 2003. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates and Effects. Washington, USA: The National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.
O’HANLON, N.J., BOND A.L., JAMES N.A. & MASDEN, E.A. 2020. Oil Vulnerability Index, Impact on Arctic Bird Populations (Proposing a Method for Calculating an Oil Vulnerability Index for the Arctic Seabirds. In: PONGRÁCZ E., PAVLOV V. & HÄNNINEN N. (Eds.) Arctic Marine Sustainability. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Polar Sciences. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28404-6_4
O’HARA, P.D. & MORGAN, K.H. 2006. Do low rates of oiled carcass recovery in beached bird surveys indicate low rates of ship-source oil spills? Marine Ornithology 34: 133–140.
O’HARA, P.D., DAVIDSON, P. & BURGER, A.E. 2009. Aerial surveillance and oil spill impacts based on beached bird survey data collected in southern British Columbia. Marine Ornithology 37: 61–65.
O'HARA, P.D., SERRA-SOGAS, N., PEARCE, K. & MCWHINNIE, L.H. 2021. Recent trends in marine traffic and associated threats in the Salish Sea based on Automatic Identification System for ships (AIS) and novel traffic data collection techniques. In: BOLDT, J.L., JAVORSKI, A., & CHANDLER, P.C. (Eds.) State of the Physical, Biological and Selected Fishery Resources of Pacific Canadian Marine Ecosystems in 2021. Nanaimo, Canada: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
O’HARA, P.D., SMALLSHAW, L. & O’HAGAN, G. 2022. Recent trends in marine traffic and associated threats in the Salish Sea based on Automatic Identification System for ships (AIS). In: BOLDT, J.L., JAVORSKI, A. & CHANDLER, P.C. (Eds.) State of the Physical, Biological and Selected Fishery Resources of Pacific Canadian Marine Ecosystems in 2022. Nanaimo, Canada: Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
O’HARA, P.D., SERRA-SOGAS, N., MCWHINNIE, L.H. ET AL. 2023. Automatic Identification System for Ships data as a proxy for marine vessel related stressors. Science of the Total Environment 865: 160987 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160987
PARKS CANADA AGENCY. 2017. Multi-species Action Plan for Gulf Islands National Park Reserve of Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada Agency. vi+ 24 pp. [Accessed at https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/action-plans/multi-species-gulf-islands-reserve-final.html on 15 July 2022.]
PEARSON, S.F., HODUM, P.J., GOOD, T.P., SCHRIMPF, M. & KNAPP, S.M. 2013. A model approach for estimating colony size, trends, and habitat associations of burrow nesting seabirds. The Condor 115: 1–10.
PEARSON, S.F., KEREN, I., LANCE, M.M. & RAPHAEL, M.G. 2022. Non-breeding changes in at-sea distribution and abundance of the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in a portion of its range exhibiting long-term breeding season declines. PLoS One 17: e0267165. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267165
PICHEGRU, L., VIBERT, L., THIEBAULT, A. ET AL. 2022. Maritime traffic trends around the southern tip of Africa – Did marine noise pollution contribute to the local penguins' collapse? Science of the Total Environment 849: 157878
RAPHAEL, M.G., BALDWIN J., FALXA, G.A. ET AL. 2007. Regional Population Monitoring of the Marbled Murrelet: Field and Analytical Methods. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-716, Portland, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. [Accessed at https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Regional%20Population%20monitoring%20of%20the%20marbled%20murrelet.pdf on 23 December 2022.]
ROBINSON, C.L.K., HRYNYK, D., BARRIE, J.V. & SCHWEIGERT, J. 2013. Identifying subtidal burying habitat of Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Progress in Oceanography 115: 119–128.
ROBINSON, C.L.K., PROUDFOOT, B., ROOPER, C. & BERTRAM, D.F. 2021. Maxent and ensemble distribution modeling of Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes personatus) burying habitat in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 31: 2855–2869. doi:10.1002/aqc.3593
ROBINSON, C.L.K., BERTRAM, D.F., SHANNON, H. ET AL. 2023. Reduction in overwinter body condition and size of Pacific Sand Lance has implications for piscivorous marine predators during marine heatwaves. Marine Ecology Progress Series: HEATav5. doi: 10.3354/meps14257
RODWAY, M.S., LEMON M.J.F., SAVARD J.-P.L. & MCKELVEY, R. 1989. Nestucca Oil Spill Impact Assessment on Avian Populations and Habitat. Technical Report Series No. 68. Delta, Canada: Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific and Yukon. [Accessed at https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/eccc/cw69-5/CW69-5-68-eng.pdf.]
RODWAY, M.S. & LEMON, M.J.F. 2011. Use of permanent plots to monitor trends in burrow nesting seabird populations in British Columbia. Marine Ornithology 39: 243–253.
RONCONI, R.A. & BURGER, A.E. 2009. Estimating seabird densities from vessel transects: distance sampling and implications for strip transects. Aquatic Biology 4: 297–309. doi: 10.3354/ab00112
RONCONI, R.A. & BURGER, A.E. 2011. Foraging space as a limited resource: inter-and intra-specific competition among sympatric pursuit-diving seabirds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 89: 356–368.
SELLECK, J.R, GIBSON, C.F., SHULL, S. & GAYDOS, J.K. 2015. Nearshore distribution of Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) in the inland waters of Washington State. Northwest Naturalist 96: 185–195.
SERRA-SOGAS, N., BLAZEY, S., CANESSA, R., O'HARA, P. & BERTAZZON, S. 2012. Oil in Canadian Waters: Identifying Significant Ecological Areas Vulnerable to Chronic Oil Pollution in Canada's Coasts. In: Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP), pp. 852–867. [Accessed at https://www.academia.edu/22600430/Oil_in_Canadian_waters_identifying_significant_ecological_areas_vulnerable_to_chronic_oil_pollution_in_Canadas_coasts on 06 January 2023.]
SERRA-SOGAS, N., O'HARA, P.D. & CANESSA, R. 2014. Modeling the distribution of illicit oily discharges detected by aerial surveillance in western Canadian marine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 87: 76–87. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.009
STEPHENSON, R. 1997. Effects of oil and other surface-active organic pollutants on aquatic birds. Environmental Conservation 24: 121–129.
SPEICH, S.M. & THOMPSON, S.P. 1987. Impacts on waterbirds from the 1984 Columbia River and Whidbey Island, Washington oil spills. Western Birds 18: 109–116.
THE WORLD BANK. 2022. The Container Port Performance Index 2021: A Comparable Assessment of Container Port Performance. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Washington, USA: World Bank.
THOMAS, S.M. & LYONS, J.E. 2017. Population trends and distribution of Common Murre Uria aalge colonies in Washington, 1996–2015. Marine Ornithology 45: 95–102.
THOMPSON, C.W., RYAN, K., PARRISH, J.K., ZADOR, S. & WARHEIT, K. 2003. Restoration of Common Murre Colonies in the Copalis National Wildlife Refuge, Washington Phase I [Draft Final Report]. Lacey, USA: Tenyo Maru Trustee Committee.
THOMSON, R.E. 1981. Oceanography of the British Columbia coast. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
VILCHIS, L.I., JOHNSON, C.K., EVENSON, J.R. ET AL. 2014. Assessing ecological correlates of marine bird declines to inform marine conservation. Conservation Biology 29: 154–163. doi:10.1111/cobi.12378
WAGNER, E.L., PEARSON, S.F., GOOD, T.P., HODUM, P.J., BUHLE, E.R., & SCHRIMPF, M.B. 2023. Resilience to a severe marine heatwave at two Pacific seabird colonies. Marine Ecology Progress Series: HEATav4. doi:10.3354/meps14222
WONG, S.N.P., GJERDRUM, C., GILCHRIST, H.G. & MALLORY, M.L. 2018. Seasonal vessel activity risk to seabirds in waters off Baffin Island, Canada. Ocean and Coastal Management 163: 339–351. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.07.004